Why Does the Bottom of My Buttock Hurt When I Sit or Run?
Why Does the Bottom of My Buttock Hurt When I Sit or Run? A Physical Therapist Answers
By Nova Physical Therapy | North Hollywood, CA
You sit in the car and notice a deep ache near the bottom of your buttock.
After 20 or 30 minutes, you start shifting your weight.
A hard chair feels even worse.
Maybe you also notice the same area when:
running
walking uphill
sprinting
lunging
or
bending forward.
You may describe it as:
“It feels like it's right where my hamstring connects to my butt.”
Or:
“Sitting hurts more than walking.”
Or:
“I can jog, but running faster makes it worse.”
This type of pain can sometimes occur with proximal hamstring tendinopathy, sometimes called high hamstring tendinopathy.
However, pain in the lower buttock does not automatically mean the hamstring tendon is the source.
Symptoms in this region can overlap with problems involving the lumbar spine, hip, sciatic nerve, hamstring muscle, ischial region, and other musculoskeletal or medical conditions.
At Nova Physical Therapy in North Hollywood, California, our role as physical therapists is to evaluate the physical and functional presentation, identify impairments relevant to physical therapy, determine how symptoms affect activities such as sitting, walking, running, work, and exercise, and refer for additional medical evaluation when appropriate.
Patients visit Nova Physical Therapy from North Hollywood and surrounding Los Angeles communities, including Toluca Lake, Burbank, Studio City, and Valley Village, for outpatient physical therapy and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal and movement-related problems.
Learn more about Nova Physical Therapy's services.
Patient Question
“I have pain deep under my buttock where my hamstring seems to attach. It gets worse when I sit for a long time or run. Could this be a high hamstring problem, and can physical therapy help?”
The Short Answer
It could be.
One possible presentation is proximal hamstring tendinopathy (PHT).
PHT is commonly associated with localized pain near the lower buttock and proximal hamstring attachment. Symptoms may be aggravated by activities such as:
prolonged sitting
sitting on a hard surface
running
faster running
squatting
and
walking uphill.
A 2025 clinical commentary describes PHT as occurring in both active and sedentary people and commonly presenting as localized lower-buttock pain during sitting, squatting, uphill walking, and running. PubMed Central (PMC)
But location alone cannot establish the source.
Deep buttock pain may have several possible explanations.
A physical therapy evaluation may therefore include the:
lumbar region
hip
hamstring complex
lower-extremity muscle performance
neural findings
and
functional activities that reproduce the patient's symptoms.
The rehabilitation approach increasingly emphasizes education, progressive exercise, load management, and restoration of hamstring and kinetic-chain capacity rather than simply stretching the painful area. PubMed Central (PMC)
What Is the Proximal Hamstring?
Your hamstring muscles run along the back of your thigh.
Their upper tendons attach around the ischial tuberosity, the bony region near the bottom of the pelvis that bears pressure when you sit.
This helps explain why a problem involving the proximal hamstring region can behave differently from a typical hamstring muscle strain in the middle of the thigh.
The hamstrings contribute to activities such as:
walking
running
accelerating
sprinting
bending
climbing
and
controlling movement of the hip and knee.
For runners and athletes, the hamstrings must also tolerate substantial forces as running speed increases.
What Is Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy?
Proximal hamstring tendinopathy is a persistent tendon-related presentation involving the hamstring origin near the lower buttock.
It may develop gradually rather than from one obvious injury.
People commonly describe pain around the:
lower buttock
sitting bone
or
very top of the hamstring.
Research describes PHT in both athletic and nonathletic populations, although it has frequently been reported among:
distance runners
track athletes
and
field-sport athletes. PubMed
The important distinction is that this is different from automatically assuming:
“I pulled my hamstring.”
Is High Hamstring Tendinopathy the Same as a Hamstring Strain?
Not necessarily.
A typical acute hamstring strain often occurs during a specific activity and may involve a sudden onset of posterior-thigh pain.
For example, someone may feel sudden pain while:
sprinting
accelerating
or
performing a rapid movement.
Proximal hamstring tendinopathy often behaves differently.
Symptoms may develop gradually and become noticeable with:
running
prolonged sitting
or
repeated loading over time.
A sudden severe injury, particularly with a pop, significant bruising, substantial weakness, or difficulty walking, deserves additional attention because an acute hamstring tear or avulsion may need to be considered.
Why Does It Hurt When I Sit?
This is one of the most interesting characteristics of proximal hamstring problems.
When you sit, particularly on a hard surface, pressure occurs around the ischial region.
Hip flexion can also increase compression around the proximal hamstring tendon.
This may help explain why someone can say:
“Walking isn't that bad, but sitting in my car is terrible.”
Research specifically identifies prolonged and hard-surface sitting as common symptom-provoking activities in PHT. PubMed Central (PMC)
That does not mean everyone with sitting pain has hamstring tendinopathy.
But the relationship between symptoms and sitting is useful information during an evaluation.
Why Does Driving Make the Pain Worse?
Driving can combine several potential aggravating factors:
prolonged sitting
hip flexion
pressure against the lower buttock
and
limited opportunities to change position.
One published runner case involving proximal hamstring tendinopathy specifically reported symptoms during prolonged sitting on hard surfaces and while driving. PubMed Central (PMC)
For someone living and working around Los Angeles, this can become particularly disruptive.
A person may tolerate walking around the office but struggle during:
a long commute
traffic
road trips
or
extended periods behind the wheel.
Rehabilitation therefore needs to consider more than athletic activity.
Being able to sit and drive comfortably enough for daily life may be an important functional goal.
Why Does Running Make the Upper Hamstring Hurt?
Running requires repeated loading of the hamstring complex.
As running speed and intensity change, so do the demands placed on the hamstrings.
Symptoms may become more noticeable during:
faster running
hills
longer distances
or
higher training volumes.
Some runners may tolerate an easy jog but experience symptoms when they begin:
tempo running
intervals
sprinting
or
hill training.
That distinction matters.
Asking:
“Can you run?”
may not provide enough information.
A better question may be:
“What type of running can you currently tolerate, and what happens afterward?”
Why Does Running Uphill Hurt?
Uphill walking and running change the mechanical demands placed on the hip and lower extremity.
The 2025 clinical commentary on PHT specifically identifies uphill walking and running as activities that may reproduce symptoms. PubMed Central (PMC)
This does not mean hills are harmful.
If returning to hill running is the patient's goal, eventually the body needs enough capacity to tolerate that demand.
The issue is whether the current level of loading exceeds what the symptomatic region can tolerate.
Can Sitting Too Much Cause Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy?
It would be too simplistic to say:
“Sitting caused your tendinopathy.”
Sitting may aggravate symptoms in someone with PHT because of the position and pressure around the proximal tendon.
But aggravating a symptom is not necessarily the same as causing the condition.
Tendinopathy is generally considered multifactorial.
Relevant factors may include:
changes in activity
training load
running demands
physical capacity
previous injury
and other individual characteristics.
Physical therapy should therefore avoid reducing the explanation to one behavior.
Is This Piriformis Syndrome?
Not automatically.
The term “piriformis syndrome” is sometimes used loosely whenever someone experiences buttock pain.
But buttock pain has a broad differential.
Depending on the presentation, clinicians may need to consider findings related to:
the lumbar spine
hip
proximal hamstring
sciatic nerve
and other structures or medical conditions.
Simply pointing to the buttock and saying:
“That's your piriformis”
does not provide an adequate evaluation.
Could This Pain Be Coming From My Back?
Potentially.
Lumbar-related conditions can sometimes produce symptoms into the buttock or posterior thigh.
That is why a physical therapist may evaluate the lumbar spine even when the patient says:
“My back doesn't hurt.”
The clinician may examine whether:
spinal movement changes the symptoms
neurological findings are present
symptoms extend farther down the leg
or
other features suggest a different source.
Physical therapists should not assume every lower-buttock symptom originates from the hamstring tendon.
Could This Be Sciatica?
Pain extending into the posterior thigh may sometimes involve neural structures.
But the word “sciatica” is also frequently used to describe almost any pain around the buttock or back of the leg.
Symptoms such as:
numbness
tingling
burning
radiating pain
or
weakness
may prompt additional neurological screening.
A physical therapist can evaluate relevant physical findings and determine whether the presentation appears appropriate for rehabilitation or whether additional medical assessment is warranted.
Should I Stretch My Hamstring?
This is one of the most important questions in this condition.
When the back of the thigh feels tight, the instinct is often:
“I need to stretch it more.”
But aggressive hamstring stretching may not always be appropriate for a sensitive proximal hamstring presentation.
Hip flexion combined with knee extension can increase length and compression around the proximal tendon.
A patient who repeatedly performs intense stretching because the area “feels tight” may therefore continue provoking symptoms.
That does not mean hamstring stretching is permanently forbidden.
It means mobility exercises should be selected according to the individual's findings and stage of rehabilitation.
What About Massage?
Massage or other manual interventions may sometimes be used as part of a rehabilitation program when clinically appropriate.
But a persistent tendon-related presentation should generally not be managed as though the only problem is:
“a knot that needs to be released.”
The 2025 clinical commentary emphasizes education and exercise as the interventions most commonly recommended by experts for PHT. PubMed Central (PMC)
Passive treatment alone does not progressively prepare the hamstring to tolerate:
running
hills
sprinting
lifting
or
sport.
Should I Completely Rest?
Not necessarily.
Rest may temporarily decrease symptoms because the provocative activity has been removed.
But if the goal is to return to running, exercise, work, or sport, the hamstring eventually needs to tolerate load again.
Rehabilitation may involve temporarily modifying:
running volume
speed
hills
sitting exposure
or other aggravating activities.
The goal is not:
“Never use your hamstring.”
It is to identify an appropriate starting point and progressively rebuild capacity.
What Exercises Are Used for High Hamstring Pain?
There is no single exercise program that is correct for everyone.
Depending on the presentation and stage of rehabilitation, progressive exercise may address:
hamstring strength
hip extensor strength
lower-extremity strength
trunk and pelvic control
tendon-loading capacity
and eventually
running-specific demands.
The 2025 clinical commentary proposes a staged rehabilitation approach designed to progressively restore hamstring and kinetic-chain capacity. PubMed Central (PMC)
A 2023 systematic review also concluded that conservative rehabilitation may be optimized through progressive tendon-specific loading and lumbopelvic stabilization as part of a multimodal program, while noting limitations in the underlying evidence. PubMed
Do I Need to Strengthen the Hamstring in a Lengthened Position?
Later-stage rehabilitation may include progressively loading the hamstrings at longer muscle-tendon lengths when appropriate.
A 2023 systematic review suggested that progressive loading at greater hip-flexion angles may be useful in conservative PHT rehabilitation. PubMed
But this should not be interpreted as:
“Immediately stretch and heavily load the painful tendon as far as possible.”
Progression matters.
An irritable presentation may initially require different exercise positions and loading than a later-stage athlete preparing to sprint.
What About Glute Strengthening?
Hip and kinetic-chain strengthening may form part of rehabilitation.
But we should avoid telling patients:
“Your glutes aren't firing, and that's why your hamstring hurts.”
That explanation is usually too simplistic.
Exercise selection should address measurable impairments and the demands of the patient's activities rather than blaming one muscle.
For a runner, rehabilitation may eventually need to address the entire lower-extremity system involved in:
propulsion
single-leg control
running
and
force production.
Can Shockwave Therapy Help Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy?
Shockwave therapy has been studied for proximal hamstring tendinopathy.
Older research suggested potentially favorable outcomes, but earlier systematic reviews emphasized that the evidence was limited and often very low quality. A 2021 systematic review concluded there was insufficient evidence to recommend one intervention over another. PubMed
Now we have more useful evidence.
A randomized controlled trial published in late 2025 directly compared:
individualized physiotherapy versus shockwave therapy.
The study included 100 people with proximal hamstring tendinopathy treated across 10 physiotherapy practices.
Both groups also received standardized education and advice.
At:
4 weeks
12 weeks
26 weeks
and
52 weeks
there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the primary outcomes of global improvement or function. PubMed
That is clinically important.
It does not prove that shockwave therapy is ineffective.
It means the newer trial did not demonstrate superiority of shockwave over individualized physiotherapy for the study's primary outcomes.
Does That Mean Shockwave Therapy Should Never Be Used?
No.
Evidence should not be turned into an absolute statement that:
“Shockwave always works.”
or
“Shockwave never works.”
A 2024 systematic review examining shockwave therapy among athletes and physically active people included 56 studies and reported potentially favorable evidence for several conditions, including proximal hamstring tendinopathy. PubMed
A 2026 narrative review examining radial pressure wave and focused shockwave treatment for PHT identified six manuscripts involving 217 patients, including two randomized trials, but also noted that consensus regarding treatment parameters remains limited. PubMed
The newer 100-participant randomized trial adds important context because individualized physiotherapy produced primary outcomes comparable with shockwave therapy.
For patients, the practical message is:
Shockwave should not replace a thoughtful rehabilitation plan.
If considered, it should be viewed as a potential adjunct in an appropriately selected presentation—not as a guaranteed cure.
Can Physical Therapy Help?
For an appropriate musculoskeletal presentation, physical therapy may help address:
- Hamstring muscle performance
- Tendon-loading capacity
- Hip strength
- Lower-extremity strength
- Functional movement
- Sitting tolerance
- Walking tolerance
- Running tolerance
- Hill tolerance
- Sprinting progression
- Return to exercise
- Return to sport
- Training-load management
- Patient education
At Nova Physical Therapy in North Hollywood, our outpatient physical therapy approach emphasizes individualized evaluation and progressive rehabilitation rather than treating every person with buttock or hamstring pain using the same protocol.
For a runner, treatment should not stop when:
“It doesn't hurt during a bridge anymore.”
The eventual question may be:
Can the hamstring tolerate the speed, distance, hills, and training demands required for running?
For someone who is not an athlete, the goal may be completely different:
Can you sit through work, drive around Los Angeles, climb stairs, exercise, and perform daily activities more comfortably?
Rehabilitation should reflect the patient's actual goals.
What Does Research Say?
2025 Randomized Trial: Physical Therapy vs Shockwave Therapy
One of the most important recent studies was published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine.
Researchers enrolled 100 participants with proximal hamstring tendinopathy and randomly assigned them to six sessions of:
individualized physiotherapy
or
shockwave therapy.
Both groups also received standardized advice and education.
Follow-up occurred at 4, 12, 26, and 52 weeks.
The study found no significant differences between the groups in the primary outcomes at any measured time point.
Follow-up at 12 months was 88%. PubMed
This is particularly useful because older literature contained relatively little high-quality randomized evidence.
2025 Clinical Rehabilitation Commentary
A 2025 clinical commentary published in the International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy describes PHT as localized lower-buttock pain that may occur during:
prolonged sitting
squatting
uphill walking
and
running.
The authors note that education and exercise are the interventions most commonly recommended by experts and present a progressive program designed to restore hamstring and kinetic-chain loading capacity. PubMed Central (PMC)
Because this is a clinical commentary rather than a randomized trial, its proposed program should not be interpreted as proof of one universally superior protocol.
2023 Conservative Treatment Systematic Review
A systematic review examining 13 studies of conservative PHT interventions evaluated exercise, physical therapy approaches, shockwave therapy, and multimodal programs.
The authors supported progressive tendon-specific loading and lumbopelvic stabilization within a multimodal approach but emphasized limitations in the available research. PubMed
Earlier Systematic Review
A systematic review involving 12 studies and 424 participants found insufficient evidence to recommend one PHT intervention over another.
The authors characterized evidence supporting shockwave therapy from the available trial at that time as very low level. PubMed
This is why the newer 100-person randomized trial is important—it meaningfully expands the evidence base.
What Happens During a Physical Therapy Evaluation?
At Nova Physical Therapy in North Hollywood, an evaluation for lower-buttock or high-hamstring pain may include, when appropriate:
- Detailed symptom history
- Location and behavior of symptoms
- Sitting tolerance
- Driving tolerance
- Walking tolerance
- Running history
- Recent changes in training
- Hip movement
- Knee movement
- Lumbar movement
- Hamstring muscle performance
- Hip muscle performance
- Functional strength
- Relevant neurological screening
- Single-leg tasks
- Running assessment when appropriate
- Screening for findings requiring medical referral
We may ask:
Where exactly is the pain?
Did it begin suddenly or gradually?
Does sitting reproduce it?
Are hard chairs worse?
Does driving aggravate it?
Does running make it worse?
Is faster running worse than easy running?
Do hills aggravate it?
Does stretching make it worse?
Do you have numbness or tingling?
Does the pain travel down your leg?
Does your back hurt?
Was there a pop or significant bruising?
What activities are you trying to return to?
The purpose is not to diagnose a disease based on one symptom.
It is to understand the physical and functional presentation and determine whether physical therapy is appropriate.
When Should You Seek Medical Attention?
Lower-buttock and posterior-thigh pain should not automatically be assumed to be routine tendinopathy.
Seek appropriate medical evaluation if you experience:
- A sudden pop during an injury
- Significant new bruising
- Marked swelling
- Major trauma
- Significant new weakness
- Difficulty walking after an acute injury
- Progressive numbness or weakness
- Significant neurological changes
- Changes in bowel or bladder function associated with neurological symptoms
- Saddle-region sensory changes
- Fever or unexplained systemic illness
- Unexplained severe or progressively worsening pain
- Pain that is not behaving like a routine musculoskeletal presentation
Acute proximal hamstring injuries can sometimes involve substantial tendon injury or avulsion and require a different management pathway from chronic tendinopathy.
A physical therapist should refer when findings suggest evaluation beyond physical therapy is appropriate.
Why Patients Choose Nova Physical Therapy
We Care.
Nova Physical Therapy is an outpatient physical therapy clinic in North Hollywood, California, serving patients from North Hollywood and nearby Los Angeles communities such as Toluca Lake, Burbank, Studio City, and Valley Village.
Our focus is helping people with musculoskeletal, orthopedic, movement, balance, sports, and other appropriate rehabilitation needs through individualized physical therapy evaluation and evidence-informed care.
When someone comes to Nova with lower-buttock pain, we don't want to automatically say:
“It's your hamstring.”
“It's sciatica.”
“It's your piriformis.”
or
“You just need to stretch more.”
One patient may say:
“It only hurts after I've been driving for 30 minutes.”
Another:
“I can jog, but sprinting hurts.”
Another:
“Hills trigger it every time.”
Another:
“Stretching actually makes it worse.”
Another:
“The pain travels down my leg and I have tingling.”
And another:
“I felt a sudden pop while sprinting.”
Those presentations should not automatically receive the same treatment.
At Nova Physical Therapy, our approach emphasizes:
detailed physical therapy evaluation
individualized rehabilitation
evidence-informed exercise
progressive strengthening
appropriate tendon loading
functional training
patient education
return-to-running and activity progression when appropriate
and
medical referral when findings warrant additional evaluation.
We want to understand not only:
“Where does it hurt?”
but:
“What is the pain preventing you from doing?”
Sitting through work?
Driving?
Running?
Going to the gym?
Hiking?
Playing a sport?
Or simply getting through your day without constantly shifting in your chair?
That is part of what We Care means at Nova Physical Therapy.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does the bottom of my buttock hurt when I sit?
Several conditions can produce pain in this region. Proximal hamstring tendinopathy is one possibility, particularly when symptoms are localized near the hamstring attachment and aggravated by prolonged sitting, but an evaluation is needed.
Why does my upper hamstring hurt when I sit?
Sitting can place pressure and compression around the proximal hamstring region. This is a commonly reported symptom in PHT, but it does not independently establish the diagnosis.
Why does my buttock hurt on a hard chair?
A hard surface can increase pressure around the lower-buttock and ischial region. This may aggravate some proximal hamstring presentations.
Why does driving make my buttock hurt?
Prolonged sitting, hip position, and pressure against the lower buttock may influence symptoms. Driving-related sitting pain has been described in people with PHT.
Can proximal hamstring tendinopathy cause pain when running?
Yes. Running is a commonly reported aggravating activity, particularly with greater loading demands.
Why does my hamstring hurt more when running uphill?
Uphill running changes the demand placed on the hip and hamstring complex and can aggravate symptoms in some people with PHT.
Is high hamstring tendinopathy the same as a hamstring strain?
No. A strain often follows an acute injury, whereas PHT may develop gradually. Symptoms can overlap, so appropriate evaluation is important.
Should I stretch high hamstring pain?
Not automatically. Aggressive hamstring stretching can increase compression and provoke symptoms in some proximal hamstring presentations.
Should I completely stop running?
Not necessarily. Running may need modification depending on symptom irritability, functional findings, and the individual's response to loading.
Does shockwave therapy help proximal hamstring tendinopathy?
Shockwave has been studied for PHT. A newer randomized trial involving 100 participants found no significant difference in primary outcomes between shockwave therapy and individualized physiotherapy.
Can physical therapy help proximal hamstring tendinopathy?
Physical therapy may help appropriately selected patients through education, progressive hamstring loading, lower-extremity strengthening, activity modification, and gradual return to functional or athletic demands.
How do I know whether my buttock pain is hamstring-related or sciatica?
Symptoms can overlap. Location alone is insufficient. An evaluation may include the lumbar spine, hip, hamstring, neurological findings, and activities that reproduce symptoms.
Schedule an Evaluation
If lower-buttock or upper-hamstring pain is interfering with your ability to:
- Sit
- Drive
- Work
- Walk
- Run
- Climb hills
- Exercise
- Lift
- Play sports
- Return to training
an individualized physical therapy evaluation can help identify relevant physical and functional findings and determine whether rehabilitation is appropriate.
Nova Physical Therapy provides outpatient physical therapy in North Hollywood, California, serving North Hollywood and surrounding Los Angeles communities, including Toluca Lake, Burbank, Studio City, and Valley Village.
Our goal is to understand what is limiting your function and build an evidence-informed rehabilitation plan around the activities you want to return to.
Explore Nova Physical Therapy's services to learn more.
Disclaimer
This article is provided by Nova Physical Therapy in North Hollywood, California for general educational purposes only.
It does not constitute medical advice, medical diagnosis, imaging interpretation, individualized treatment recommendations, or clearance to exercise or participate in sports.
Lower-buttock pain, posterior-thigh pain, sitting pain, running pain, tenderness, weakness, numbness, or tingling cannot independently establish proximal hamstring tendinopathy, hamstring strain, tendon tear, lumbar radiculopathy, sciatic nerve involvement, hip pathology, or another musculoskeletal or medical condition.
Physical therapists in California evaluate physical impairments, movement, muscle performance, functional limitations, and activity restrictions within the California Physical Therapy Practice Act. A physical therapy license does not authorize diagnosis of disease. California law also requires referral when a physical therapist has reason to believe a patient's condition requires treatment beyond the physical therapist's scope. Physical Therapy Board of California
Exercise, manual therapy, activity modification, shockwave therapy, or other interventions cannot guarantee pain relief, tissue healing, successful return to running, or prevention of recurrence.
Individual results vary.
References
- Rich A, Ford J, Cook J, Hahne A. Physiotherapy Compared With Shockwave Therapy for the Treatment of Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Sports Medicine.2025;53(14):3396-3407.
https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465251391134 - Rich A, Ford J, Cook J, Hahne A. Treatment of Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy With Individualized Physiotherapy: A Clinical Commentary. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2025.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12129629/ - Nasser AM, Darras-Smith G, MacDonald J, et al. Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review of Interventions. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2021;16(2):288-305.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842025/ - Dizon P, et al. Comparison of Conservative Interventions for Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Rehabilitation. 2023.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36976939/ - Clinical Progression and Load Management for Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy in a Long-Distance Runner: A Case Report. 2024.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11065772/ - Korakakis V, Whiteley R, Tzavara A, Malliaropoulos N. The Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in Common Lower Limb Conditions: A Systematic Review Including Quantification of Patient-Rated Pain Reduction. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018;52(6):387-407.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097347 - Use of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapies for Athletes and Physically Active Individuals: A Systematic Review. 2024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228375/ - Radial Pressure Wave and Focused Shockwave Therapy for Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: The Role of Patient Positioning, a Narrative Review and Clinical Commentary. 2026.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41939955/ - Physical Therapy Board of California. California Laws and Regulations Related to the Practice of Physical Therapy.
https://www.ptbc.ca.gov/publications/law_reference_guide.pdf